The Hiding Place vs. Night - 2929 Words

Many outsiders strive but fail to truly comprehend the haunting incident of World War IIs Holocaust. None but survivors and witnesses succeed to sense and live the timeless pain of the event which repossesses the core of human psyche. Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1928- ), a journalist and Professor of Humanities at Boston University, is an author of 21 books. The first of his collection, entitled Night, is a terrifying account of Wiesels boyhood experience as a WWII Jewish prisoner of Hitlers dominant and secretive Nazi party. At age 16 he was taken from his home in Sighet, Romania and†¦show more content†¦The most important theme portrayed in Night is defined later by Wiesel himself: The executioner killed for nothing, the victim died for nothing...During the Middle Ages, the Jews, when they chose death, were convinced that by t heir sacrifice they were glorifying and sanctifying Gods name. At Auschwitz, the sacrifices were without point, without faith, without divine inspiration... (Douglas) Wiesel feels that the genocide of WWII came and went and proves no point to the world, gives neither strength nor hope to the individual, and is basically pointless. After the inhumane persecution, his God is not praised by a greater audience, Hitler and his Nazi party does not gain more power, Jews are not respected by others, and the world as a whole is not given reassurance of a better future. To Wiesel, the Holocaust represents nothing but evil, guilt, and the decay of human morality. (Popular World Fiction, II-35) As does Wiesel, Ten Boom preaches of the importance of learning from past mistakes and not recycling a detrimental experience. However, the evangelist in Ten Boom preaches beyond historical remembrance into the depths of spiritual growth. She strongly believes that the world and its creatures are fated b y God and that every experience witnessed by an individual is predestined with the purpose of teaching a life lesson. She survives with the hope andShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Speech To The People Of Auschwitz By Elie Wiesel1237 Words   |  5 Pagesstated this he meant that Auschwitz was the worst place anyone could ever live through. When you hear the word darkness, you most likely think of sadness, terror, unhappiness, and even torture. This being said, I would associate whatever Elie Wiesel is talking about – Auschwitz – is dark and an unhappy place to live. The second part of this line talks about Auschwitz being the kingdom. When you think of kingdom, you most likely assume that the place is the most powerful, or the worst. In conclusionRead MoreAnalysis : Death 1248 Words   |  5 Pagesworld from Munich and what goes on at the time. 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition – Liesel is an 11 year old girl that is put for adoption and she is taken to Mulching, Germany with her foster parents, Hans and Rosa Hubermann, she feels very out of place with them but adapts quickly. Her foster parents aren’t big supporters of Hitler and Hans isn’t a part of the Nazi Party because of his past with Jews. Liesel plays soccer with the kids that live on Himmel Street and Hans teaches her how to read. bRead MoreThe Himalayas As A Barrier For The World898 Words   |  4 Pagesconstant theme in the Wild West depicts a culture that only the â€Å"slower ones get shot down†, while the quickest to draw are heroes to be instantly worshiped. In comparing Chinese and American cultures at this level, one would feel like observing day and night at the same time. Over thousands of years in China, The Four Books: Mengzi, Analects, Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean, were taught to all students, and the material was tested on the state examinations until its final abolitionRead MoreThe Himalayas As A Barrier For The World909 Words   |  4 Pagesconstant theme in the Wild West depicts a culture that only the â€Å"slower ones get shot down,† while the quickest to draw are heroes to be instantly worshiped. In comparing Chinese and American cultures at this level, one would feel like observing day and night at the same time. Over thousands of years in China, The Four Books: Mengzi, Analects, Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean, were taught to all students, and the material was tested on the state examinations until its final abolitionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Book Thief 1403 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the Nazi’s. Liesel’s words also helped many people including Max and the children in the basement. c. Change or epiphany and thematic significance- at the beginning of the book, Liesel was a scared little girl. She would have nightmares at night and would need her papa to comfort her. Towards the end of the book she doesn’t need her papa to comfort her anymore. She begins to mature into an adult. She also develops compassion. When Liesel saw the hungry Jewish man on the street, she gave himRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1368 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil â€Å"â€Å"There was witchcraft in little Pearl’s eyes, and her face, as she glanced upward at the minister, wore that naughty smile which made its expression frequently so elvish.† (Hawthorne 145) This, is a misleading description that Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts of Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne, in his classic novel The Scarlet Letter. Pearl is the living product of sin for her mother. Born out of wedlock, Pearl is a unique child that tends to be very moody and unpredictable. HoweverRead MorePoint Of Structure Of The Book Thief1334 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity. c. Events contributing to rising action – Liesel steals yet another book during Hitler’s book burning and discovers her father is a communist. Around the same time, the Hubermanns decide to hide a Jew named Max, but then has to leave from hiding because of Han’s fateful actions during a Jewish march d. Climax (Crisis/turning point) – The bombing on Himmel Street kills everyone except Liesel; everyone that Liesel knew or cared for is now gone forever. e. Events contributing to falling actionRead MoreOnes a Heifer by Sinclair Ross759 Words   |  3 Pagessaw the calves from quite a distance away. The thought that Peter could have just imagined and made himself believe that he saw the calves where in reality he did not. First of all, Peters suspicious vibe for Arthur Vickers hiding the calves shows how there is appearance vs the reality in the story. Although Vickers clearly told Peter, Theyre all mine, (Ross, Page 443) referring to the calves and even showing him, Peter still did not believe him. Peter kept thinking about the appearance thatRead MoreComparing The Interlopers And The Sniper1192 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences in the conflicts of the plot, moral values in the theme, and irony of the unexpected twists of the two stories. In the story of the â€Å"Interlopers,† George Znaeym, seeks out his arch-enemy, Ulrich von Gradwitz, in the forest on a winter night. These two men, because of a family feud that has been passed down from generation to generation, are bitter enemies. The feud of these two families was started over the possession of land, and these two men are continuing it. Whilst these men areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Milkweed By Jerry Spinelli1371 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Milkweed† by Jerry Spinelli is a realistic fiction story. I know the book is realistic fiction because it tells the story of a boy that lived in a time when the Jews were mistreated by the German Nazis in the 1940s during World World II. The story takes place in Warsaw (the Ghetto), Poland, and is about real life tragedies that happened during World War II. Point of View: The point of view in â€Å"Milkweed† is First person point of view. I know that it is told in the first person because the author uses

The Evolution of Ethics Essay - 3167 Words

The Evolution of Ethics A goal implicit in human evolution is survival; thus, humanity directs some of its energy toward creating a state of peace to achieve the necessary efficiency and conservation of energy to survive in a hostile and sometimes unpredictable world. The foundation of the emergence of rule systems in the world is built upon centuries of reasoned insight and personal experiences that reveal which actions are better than others, which are productive, and which are disruptive and should be avoided. As efficient actions reveal themselves to an evolving society, its people develop the means to make productive choices between one type of action and another. Some choices are decidedly better than others. This prioritizing of†¦show more content†¦Ethical systems and formal laws together serve to bring order to a world that tends to become disorganized and sometimes violent if ethical views and rules of conduct are not established. Ethical systems that emerge for any given period of histor ical development may not represent the finest of rules ever conceived, but they are sufficient to hold the growth of humanity in the balance. Along with the emergence of good rules have evolved many others that were bad. These bad rules evolved from errors, delusions, and self-interest. But over time the good rules that incorporated a keen insight into human relationships have likely endured and have slowly grown into a reasonably consistent set of rules. These rules today are expressed formally and informally in systems of laws, morals, manners, and customs. Rules spontaneously evolve in every social system, whether it is a group of small-time criminals or highly educated people in a multinational corporation. Rule systems evolve along the lines of an efficiency algorithm that effectively organizes the prevailing state of affairs in small increments of change over long periods of social time. In the beginning of the formation of social systems, rules may not have been as refined as they are today. But rules necessarily existed from the beginning simply to keep volatile passions,Show MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Business Ethics852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Business Ethics Tim Bowles OMM-640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr. Andree Swanson May 17, 2015 Abstract Just as individuals differ, so do their ethical concepts and value arrangements. Personal guidelines or policies for everyday ethical conduct. Like all policies, a code of ethics must be capable of being enforced. Just as if people, corporations and businesses too, have their ethical concepts, systematic science, and a business philosophy they must followRead MoreIt’S Said That The Universe Will Tend To Move Toward A1256 Words   |  6 Pages It’s said that the universe will tend to move toward a state with a higher entropy. Every gas molecules will spontaneously diffuse to fill a container which will increase the overall entropy of the universe. Evolution is then can be thought to follow this same basic principle. Nature has given every species living in it an indefinite amount of time which allows them to evolve. Ergo, for over three billion years, some of the single cell organisms had been successfully evolving into the numerousRead MoreEthics: Moral Absolutes Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthics 3.1 1. Why are Christian ethics and theology inseparable? What did Francis Schaeffer mean when he said that not all things are the same to God? Christian ethics is inseparable from theology because it is grounded in the character of God. Francis Schaeffer said that not all things are the same to God and means that God exists and has a character, but not all things are the same to him. Some things conform to His character, and some are opposed to his character. 2. What did Schaeffer concludeRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethical Business Is Not New1334 Words   |  6 Pagesethical business practices. There are lessons to be learned, both positive and negative, from businesses around the world. CEOs must work hard to find a balance between profits and public image by learning from history, understanding the evolution of business ethics, and understanding the social responsibility of businesses. CEOs in the business world today are in a precarious position. They are accountable to shareholders to keep profits high while avoiding any scandal or implication of shadyRead MoreEssay on Evolution: The Destruction of Humanity?1723 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations, cultures, and religions around the world. Any idea that said humans were different than this or that went against this notion was not only going against these respected institutions it was going against humanity itself. The theory of Evolution was one of the most revolutionary ideas to come forward. 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Power and Control History and the evolution of human beings will tell us that we as a species have always determined power and control based on physical attributes. Charles Darwin demonstrated a theory of our evolution called â€Å"The Survival of the Fittest†, also called â€Å"The Natural Selection†, in which an animal that was equipped with the best

Is K-Pop a Good Influence or Bad Influence Free Essays

What is K-Pop? K-pop or known as Korean Pop is a new music genre that was originally come from South Korea, Asia. Some say K-pop offered another style of music which has catchier and offer easy listening songs for their lovers. What makes it different too is that the style the singer has shown is something new for us and how they can deliver music on their own way that I believe none of this ever existed before. We will write a custom essay sample on Is K-Pop a Good Influence or Bad Influence? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just like how they could mix perfectly between the upbeat songs with various kinds of dancing and obviously with their good looking actresses who will make anyone who watch it will fall for them. Good morning Sir/ Madam, today I would like to talk about how K-Pop brings good influences for many teenagers. The love for K-Pop has been spreading widely nowadays, especially in Indonesia. People are arguing whether K-Pop brings a good influence or bad influence for teenagers. Firstly, it is fine for teenagers to like K-pop. I believe to be fond of Korean idol is fine. How could I say so? First, as I read on an article, admiring someone who has professionalism in doing their job will bring a good suggestion to the fans that will suggest the fans to do the same. As it is already a fan’s nature for admiring and feeling proud to the attitude of their idol. Being a K-pop artist is really hard, they must have good grade at school because their grades would show whether they are willing to learn or not, and have a good skill that has been examined by the agency and also a good attitude. So that’s why professionalism is the most important thing for being a K-pop artist. This professionalism will enforce teenagers to do so. Fans want to be like their idols, K-Pop idols are showing hard working attitude and how they never give up their dreams and become better as time goes by, for example they undergo packed and brutal training schedule in order for them to be better and better. Thus it will motivates the fans. Another thing that it is already a nature for fans when they love an idol, they’ll do everything. Many of K-pop artists are smart, for example is Cho Kyu Hyun who is very smart in Mathematics and has won several Math Olympiads in South Korea, this encourages the fans of Cho Kyu Hyun to study hard as hey are seeing Kyu Hyun as their role model, at the time when Cho Kyu Hyun won several medals he was also in his teenage year, therefore it’s easy for fans to look upon him because it suits their situation now. Secondly, teenagers could widen their social intercourse and even knowledge. Why? When someone likes K-pop I can make sure that they will not keep it for her or himself. They will share it with others, for example joining fans gathering, K-pop fans will try to spread the love. By liking K-pop fans usually will always get the latest updates of their idols as a fans’ nature is to dig as much as they can as long as it’s related to their idols and that will force them to be aware on how to connect themselves with the world that might make them being sophisticated teenagers. Sounds rare? But that’s the truth. Knowing K-pop will make fans curious about South Korea itself, as they will be trying to be closer to their idols as much as they can, they would try to learn South Korea’s culture and language, this is useful for teenagers as it could enriches their knowledge about the world outside. Furthermore, I would like to say that K-pop unites the world. Teenagers nowadays are able to meet new friends around the world through K-pop fancafe or social networks as they are sharing the same interests. Having friends overseas are good as they’ll be using English since English is the universal language and that would train them to speak English more. Articles about K-pop for international fans are also written in English, therefore fans will try to improve their English as they don’t want to miss their idols latest updates. Despite the view from the adults that liking K-pop will cause teenagers to lose their nationalism, as when someone is obsessed about something, they will do everything related to it and by liking K-pop means that teenagers will spend more time in learning about South Korea and forgetting about Indonesia’s tradition and culture. Adults have also been saying that K-pop just gives distraction to teenagers. Especially parents think that their children are distracted from their studies as they always think about K-pop, watching videos about K-pop or reading fan fiction and neglect their studies. Another reason that was given by them is because of the consumerism soul of teenagers. It is true that being K-pop fans is not cheap. Even an album that only has 5 songs in it could cost Rp. 200,000 . It is a fans nature that they want to meet their idols so when their idols come, they become desperate to watch the concerts and moreover whenever there’s concert, merchandises such as light-stick, banner would be essential for them to cheer their idols and all of those are not cheap. Adults are thinking that it’s just wasting money. People are saying that K-pop artists are fake and just motivates teenagers to do plastic surgery in order to look pretty or handsome. They are saying that K-pop is all about plastic surgery, the K-pop artists will do it so they can be pretty or handsome and sometimes it’s necessary if they want to have a lot of fans in Korean music industry. I myself believe that nothing is wrong with plastic surgery, why would we accuse someone for being fake only because they did plastic surgery? It’s not like they are doing crime. Every person in this world has their own rights, if the K-pop artists want to do it, then it’s their rights, it doesn’t go against the human rights. Afterall, what is wrong for someone having a desire to have a better look? I don’ think that this brings bad influence for teenagers, even in South Korea itself, parents usually give their children plastic surgery as birthday presents and this motivates the children to be a good and well-mannered child if they want to get plastic surgery as their present. So, I strongly believe that there is nothing wrong with it. All of those are true. However it’s back to themselves. It’s back to their ability to control themselves and to hold their temptation. As long as it’s consumed wisely, I believe that K-pop will only bring good influences for teenagers as I myself experience it. In my experience, I believe that K-pop has bring good influences into my life. Despite people saying that K-pop will distract me from my studies, I am very sure that it doesn’t. In fact, K-pop is one of the main factors that motivates me to study even harder and keep up good marks. I see K-pop as my motivation, I always think that if I study hard and get good results, in the end I can award myself by going to K-pop concerts or buying their official merchandises. Whenever there’s a big exam coming, I always make a note which says something like â€Å"Rank 1 = K-pop Concert† , and it really motivates me. I really respect all the K-pop artists, they sacrifice everything to chase their dreams. There’s this one quote that always stuck in my head, â€Å"If you really want one thing, you have to give up on another† , said Lee Tae Min, a member of SHINee. It teaches me that if I really want something, I have to stick to it, be consistent and not easily influenced by others, I have to focus on my aims. Moreover, K-pop teaches me to fight for what I want, just as what Minho, a member of SHINee, korean boy group says, â€Å" If you don’t give up your hopes and dreams, then there will always be a good ending. † Thank you for your attention and now I end this speech. How to cite Is K-Pop a Good Influence or Bad Influence?, Papers

Marketing Audit Of Coles Supermarket Australia Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Marketing Audit of Coles Supermarket Australia. Answer: Introduction Background Information Marketing has been identified as an essential task for the success of a business entity. Marketing audit is conducted to observe and analyse the marketing strategy of an organisation and identify the problems faced by the company to develop strategic changes in the current policy. The paper has been developed to conduct a marketing audit of Coles which is a 102 year old company and a market leader in the Australian retail industry (Coles Supermarket, 2016). Coles has been identified to control 31% of the Australian retail market that made it the subject of marketing audit study. According to the company report, it is a $22 billion company with revenue of $31 billion in the year 2015 (Coles Supermarket, 2016). Hence, the giant hold in the market with more than 100,000 employees makes it the choice for the research. Aim and Objective The primary aim of the study is to identify the current marketing strategy of Coles and analyse it according to the present market scenario (Baker, 2010). The report has been developed to observe the problems faced by the Coles regarding its marketing strategy and develop proper solution for the company to grow its business in Australia. Method of Approach The marketing audit will be conducted by analysing the external environmental factors, internal environmental factors, SWOT analysis and Opportunity analysis of Coles in the Australian market. Furthermore, the current marketing strategy will be studied to compare and analyse the result of these strategies in the current business environment (LaPlaca, 2010). Along with that, several marketing theories will be used to present strategic changes that can be helpful for the company to overcome the marketing issues. Scope and Limitations of the report The paper will help to develop proper understanding of the marketing strategies that are used by the Coles management to carry on its marketing activities. It will provide a clear understanding of the marketing goals and objectives of the company and the current strategy used by the company (Matsunaga, 2010). Furthermore, the study will help to identify the problems faced by the Coles Management while carrying on its marketing activities in the current business scenario and develop new strategies that will be helpful for the company to have a better market positioning. The major limitation of the project is that it is mere an academic report and can be helpful for the company only when they apply the strategic change in the real world business. Preview of Material Different marketing theories and analysis will be used to conduct the research on Coles marketing audit. Marketing analysis tools like marketing environment analysis, task environment analysis and SWOT analysis will be used to analyse the current market scenario for a retail business in Australia (Blythe, 2009). Furthermore, a strategic analysis model will be used to conduct the study on marketing strategy Vs strategic marketing. Marketing Environment It is important to conduct an external market analysis to observe the factors that impacts the business of Coles in the Australian market. The external market factors helps to identify the problems that are faced or going to be faced by Coles while operating in the Australian market. Hence, it can be seen that marketing environment analysis is an essential way of observing the market and the conditions that influence the business (Mis ra, 2010). The macro-environmental factors that influence the business of Coles Supermarket are discussed herein below: Demographic Factor It can be seen through study that the population of Australia grows by around 2% every year and most of the people live in the urban areas inside or close to the city. The high density areas are mainly the major cities of Australia such as Sydney, Perth, Melbourne and others. The population of Australia includes people belonging from different backgrounds and cultural groups. Hence, it is important for the marketers to understand the population density in the areas they choose for doing businesses (Castaldo, Grosso and Premazzi, 2010). Coles must have its supermarkets in the urban cities or areas close to the cities to attract more customers. Furthermore, it is important for the company to note that most of the population of Australia consist of young customers. Hence, the products and services offered by the customers must match up with the choice of the youth customers. Along with that, being a retailer supermarket, the company must focus on targeting customers aged between 15 and 65 years to occupy and attract most customers (Banham, 2010). Economic Factor It can be seen that the economy of Australia is one of the developed economic nation. Currently, the fluctuation in the international financial market has impacted the economic condition of Australia. The purchasing power of the Australian people has declined from the earlier stage due to the financial crisis and increased rate of unemployment (Jain, 2010). It can be seen that people have become concerned about saving money and consumers have shifted to private labels to reduce their expenses. The decline in the Australian economic condition has benefited the private labels that are capable of providing the products at lower price. It further has increased the level of competition in the Australian market. Hence, it is important for Coles Supermarket to offer a competitive price of products that can be affordable by the customers in the current economic scenario (Mullin, 2006). A proper pricing will help the Coles to fight the local sellers and gain a competitive advantage in the mar ket. Environmental Factor People of Australia have become conscious about the environment and several laws and regulations have been introduced by the Australian government to safeguard the environment. It is important for the company to follow these environmental legislations to carry on its operations in the Australian market. The concept of CSR has played an essential role in saving the Coles Supermarket from these legal obligations. The company has implied different environmental sustainability approaches to meet the environmental regulations (Cadogan, 2009). It needs to reduce use of plastics and non-renewable energy to meet the rules and regulations of the Australian government. Along with that, it is important to note that the rules and regulations regarding the environment changes from time to time and therefore, Coles Supermarket must meet the changing laws to carry on its operations in the Australian market. Technological Factor Australia is one of the developed countries and has all sorts of the developed technology to support the needs of Coles Supermarket. It can be seen that young generation population of Australia are internet savvy people who uses internet on a regular basis (Nwankwo and Aiyeku, 2012). Along with that, the growth of social media has turned the television and radio media of advertising an obsolete technique. Along with that, the increased concern about the environment enforces the company to use less energy that can be met by implementing new technology (Hawkins, Coney and Best, 2010). Hence, it is important for Coles Supermarket to implement new marketing techniques and introduce developed technology to meet the changing needs of the Australian market. Technology has become an essential factor for the success of a retail company in the current business scenario. Hence, technology can be ranked as number one necessity of the company to seek growth and success in the Australian market. Political Factor A significant change can be evident in the legal and political atmosphere of Australia that may impact the operations of Coles in the retail industry. The government of Australia developed ACCC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) that governs the retail industry. Furthermore, the ACCC has implemented new policies that increase the level of competition in the Australian retail industry (Hardy, 2008). The changes in the taxation policy and environmental regulations by the government also make it difficult for the company to carry on its operations with the current strategy (Ghosh and John, 2009). Along with that, the increase taxation also reduces the buying power of the customers that further impacts the revenue model of the company. Hence, there is a need of flexible marketing strategy that will be capable of meeting the changing political and legal factors of the Australian market. Cultural Factor Culture has been a major influencing factor that controls the buying habit of the consumers. Australian comprises of people belonging to different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Hence, it can be said that the Australia has a mixed cultural population. With the change in the cultural belief of the people, the buying habits and taste of the consumers also changes (Dillon, Madden and Firtle, 2010). Hence, culture can be identified as a crucial factor that must be considered while planning the marketing strategy of an organisation. It is important to note that the culture of Australia needs a fresh market for dairy, food and meet products (Panitz, 2008). Hence, Coles must emphasise on product diversification strategy that will help the company to offer a larger range of products that are in high demand in the Australian market. Furthermore, working in a multicultural market, diversification of product and competitive pricing is the key to success for Coles Supermarket. Task Environment Markets The market for retail industry has been growing in Australia with the rise in population and change in taste of the people. With increase in the demand of the Australian people, an immense competition level can be identified in the Australian market. The high level of competition can be evident because of the free entry of new retailer companies in the Australian market (Cohen, 2006). Along with that, there are already a huge number of sellers in the market that exerts high competitive pressure over the Coles Supermarket. Furthermore, it can be seen that the falling financial market also impact the buying behaviour of the consumers that creates difficulty for the organisation. Customers Customers are the ultimate consumer of a product. They are the main revenue producer for a retail business. In case of Coles Supermarket, it can be seen that the buyers power is much high because of the availability of a huge number of rivals in the market. There are many small grocery stores that offer local brands at a lower price (Easton, 2008). Hence, the rate of competition increases with the increase in number of sellers in the market. Furthermore, a financial downturn in the market reduces the buying power of the customers that further impacts the business of Coles Supermarket. The company needs to offer better prices and high quality products to attract more customer traffic. A change in the customers behaviour can be evident due to the presence of cross cultural population in the Australian market. People have turned towards fashionable products and demand high quality of services from a well reputed company. Along with that, it can be seen that the number of young population and old people are rising at a higher rate that makes it important for the company to offer such products that can be bought by the customers of these segment (Cohen, 2011). Hence, the marketing management of Coles Supermarket must consider the factors of change in the buying behaviour of the customers and divide the entire customers into segments to make the marketing activities effective and appropriate. Competitors The current Australian supermarket sector is heating up quite dramatically in the recent time as new supermarket giants such as Woolworths and Aldi have shared the market with Coles Supermarket stores. The retail grocery and food chain industry have been shifted to the internet platform. For instance, Wal-Mart, ShopWings, Grocery Butler and other online retail store businesses have come into the frame. By offering quality products, free home delivery and affordable price range, online competitors have shared the business market with the supermarket giants such as Coles Supermarkets (Dolan, 2015). Recent upmarket food retail stores have promoted significant market competition towards Coles business status. Intermediaries Intermediaries have played significant roles in the current market environment of Coles Supermarket. The dynamic operations of the intermediaries have controlled the pricing, quality, consumers sentiment and food packaging of Coles. Understandably, Coles Supermarkets multi-channel supply has been maintained by the intermediaries such as suppliers, marketers and product distributors. Categorised investors and market partners have created significant strength to the business structure of Coles. Sustainable supply chain management is another vital contribution of the organisational intermediaries (Peter, Olson and Peter, 2010). In this way, Coles Supermarket can identify the consumer sentiment on individual products to create more advertisement. In addition to that, intermediaries of the firm can act as transmitters of customers demand by offering most demanding products on a regular basis. Suppliers The brand suppliers of Coles Supermarket have to be selected through third-party auditing system ensuring the product quality and price bargaining. According to the requirement of Coles, the vendors must provide highest food quality and innovation technique in food processing so that the brand identity of Coles can be protected. The standard of suppliers has been verified on time to time so that customers trust on the brand will remain constant. Also, the organisation has promoted agriculture at the highest level so that fresh and healthy vegetables and meat products can be supplied directly from the farms (Coles, 2008). The RSPCA approved suppliers have given significant customer satisfaction to Coles Supermarket. Facilitators and Marketing firms Coles Supermarket has made a significant investment to advertise the products, items and services to grow the business all around Australia and New Zealand. In order to enhance public relations, Coles Supermarket has hired efficient marketing firms and facilitators to identify innovative marketing ideas to promote Corporate Social Responsibility towards the society (Doherty and Ellis-Chadwick, 2006). Through the identification of the requirement of the employees and consumers, marketing firms have promoted product availability and product costs towards the customers. Also, the logistic managers and research and development team of Coles have been contributed to the success of business growth. In the case of offers and sales promotions, facilitators of Coles have produced innovative business concepts to bring more investors and customers. Meanwhile, the marketing firms have been identified as the backbone of the sales performance of Coles Supermarket. Hence, it is the responsibility o f the facilitators and marketing firms to promote the retailers of the brand so that the identified target demographics trust can be restored. Furthermore, scheduled and appropriate sales promotions have benefited the retail business of Coles Supermarkets. Publics In the case of micro-environmental analysis, certain marketing groups and retail brands have worked with Coles showing potential business interest to Coles (Buttle, 2006). Some brands such as Officeworks, Harris Technology, and Target Corporation are attached to the business structure of Coles Supermarkets. Such brands have different sort of businesses such as office supplies network, online businesses and departmental chain stores. Coles Supermarkets other brands have successfully managed the corporate customers by their efficient services. SWOT Analysis Internal Market Factors It can be seen that the analysis of the internal factors presents the strength and weaknesses of the firms marketing strategies. The strengths and weaknesses of Coles Supermarket are presented herein below: Strengths Coles Supermarket hold a proud history in Australia therefore their command is of lions share on liquor and domestic food market. Coles provides quality and impressive service on delivery and online ordering. Coles offers various pricing strategies along with different promotional offers and numerous price cuts. It offers different brands that mainly cater the tastes and preferences of the buyers. The organization has been quite successful with its unmatched branding and advertising in the Australian retail sector. In 2008 it introduced the TV sponsorship for the summer Olympics (Macdonald, 2012). This initiative was basically framed for the buyers who are price conscious. One of the most important aspects of Coles Supermarket as their most prolific strength is the enormously successful promotional campaigns. Apples for students has been the most successful promotional campaign of Coles Supermarket. Weaknesses Coles Supermarket has suffered due to negative publicity surrounded by the hard line conciliation with the suppliers in Australia. Therefore it has slightly hurt the sentiments of the public. It may also hurt the investors of the organization. Coles faces huge competition from huge retail companies like Woolworths. Coles mostly functions on lower margins. External Market Factors The analysis of the external market factors helps to observe the opportunities and threats for the firms marketing activities. The opportunities and threats of Coles Supermarket are presented herein below: Opportunities Coles Supermarket has the opportunity to have greater control on the supply chain network for harvesting and generating quality profit from various sources. Coles Supermarket has the opportunity to expand geographically which may enable the organization to reach various new places all around the world. Marketing along with sponsorship can help Coles Supermarket to boost their business. Threats With huge competition in the retail and supermarket chain the prices of the food tumbling at a rapid rate to low margins. It has been analyzed that the consumers are getting confused due the various general brands because of the lack in distinctive communication. For convenience, a quality number of buyers can significantly select smaller and independent retailers like the butchers and the green grocers. The liquor and food market of Australia is continuously evolving due to the huge level of competition. Various competitors of the highest level are entering the Australian market with different model and ideas of marketing and business. Coles Supermarket faces huge competition in terms of marketing from ALDI, IGA, and Costco etc. Opportunity Analysis The major strength of Coles Supermarket is its Supply Chain system that acts as a core competency of the firm. The company follows the Just-In-Time strategy to minimise the cost of inventory management and spends the saved money on development of technology, employee training and enhanced marketing activities. Furthermore, it can be seen that the enhances quality of Coles services and customer care activities provides the company with an competitive advantage that increases the demands and needs of the customers (Bradley, 2011). It further increases the loyalty of the customers that provides the company with opportunity to grow its businesses. The product diversification provides the company with an opportunity to grow its businesses. it can be seen that Coles Supermarket offers products ranging from A to Z that acts as a strength of the company. Furthermore, the 102 years old reputation of the company also acts as strength of the company. But, the company has its stores in the limited region of the entire Australian market (Oldroyd, 2014). Hence, Coles Supermarket can grow its business by expanding its operations in the new region of Australia. Furthermore, it can be seen that the company needs more sponsors to finance it business that will help it to mitigate the risk of expansion. The sponsorship will also help the company to minimise the operations of marketing and reduces the cost of expansion. Hence, the Coles Supermarket has a good opportunity to grow its business with the help of new sponsors and business partners. Current Strategy Business Mission Coles Supermarket has apparently worked out the business mission based on social public and outstanding customer services. By identifying the efficient market for products and services, the mission of the organisation is to support social people and customers providing quality and healthy food products at an affordable price range (Batra, 2009). Also, the company has aimed to improve the performance to create a global brand identity within the retail food chain business industry. By valuing the customers and employees, the organisation has committed to business diversification and public relation development. In other words, growth in a staggered pattern in business is the primary business mission of the firm. Marketing Goals and Objectives Coles Supermarket has determined some long-term and short-term marketing goals and objectives to be met within the corporate environment as discussed herein. Short-term Goals and Objectives: As far as the short-term goals are concerned, the marketing department has aimed to increase the customer base and traffic (Simmonds, 2012). Also, creating the brand identity within the market is another significant short-term marketing objective of Coles Marketing team. Long-term Goals and Objectives: Meanwhile, the long-term goals are more vital as those will contribute to set a sustainable place within the Australian domestic market. Coles Supermarkets marketing expertise has targeted to increase the sales and revenue. Increasing sales figure is one of the primary long-run objectives for the retail food chain business of Coles Supermarket (Coles and Erdman, 2015). The core business structure of Coles has also aimed to improve its current business ratings and competitive advantage in the Australian market by providing efficient services to the target audience. Furthermore, the business marketing team of Coles Supermarket has endeavoured to enlarge the target market by positioning high-quality products at an affordable rate. Current Strategic marketing of Coles Supermarkets The strategic marketing of Coles Supermarkets has identified the most significant marketplaces in Australian so that the stores can feature a maximum number of target audience. In terms of Coles Supermarkets value proposition, the second largest retail food chain business of Australia has promoted quality and healthy food products at an affordable pricing. Such business tactics of Coles have certified that every social class can utilise the products and services offered by Coles (Walker, 2006). Within the marketing planning, Coles Supermarket Group has identified suitable marketing concepts such as diversified products, promotion and campaign, product merchandising, affordable and competitive pricing and efficient sales channel to create the maximum sales and revenue in the market territory. Strategic marketing of Coles Supermarket includes prime store locations and high-quality goods to get the maximum buyers for the products and services (Widener, Reid and Coles, 2010). The marketing promotions offer special in-store sales so that a maximum number of target customers can purchase products at a low price range. Such promotional sales have contributed the biggest revenue a day for Coles Supermarkets. Product merchandising is another essential strategic marketing concept as Coles Supermarket promotes its brands including groceries and fresh vegetables. Coles Supermarket Groups extending sales channel includes retail and wholesale product selling (Cullwick, 2015). In the retail business, the food store offers conventional products to the customers. On the other hand, the organisation sells products to the restaurants and other merchandise. By adding value transitions in sales and promotions, the organisation has put up significant growth strategy for the business. Recommended Strategy The identified recommended strategy has been presented in this section to produce further market moves and growth structure of Coles Supermarkets Group. Business Mission The business mission must be similar to the current strategy as Coles Supermarkets Group has developed efficient business growth model providing quality and healthy food products at a reasonable price range. Such commitments in the business mission will be appreciable for the business organisation as consumers confidence will be increased by this particular move (Wilson and Wilson, 2013). By improvising different marketing ideas and concepts, the organisation is willing to create significant public relation to enlarge the business market. Marketing Goals and Objectives In future market perspective, Coles Supermarkets management team must make some alteration in short-term and long-run goals and objective so that the robust growth of business can be secured. In short-term basis, online marketing ideas and sales strategy must be considered to tackle the new business rivals (Zou and Fu, 2011). As social public have spent so much time in the internet, digital marketing will be an effective option to improve the sales and revenue. In case of long-term objectives, there is no need to change the current marketing strategy as the existing strategy is seemed to be the most fitted option. Strategy recommendation Coles Supermarkets Value Proposition: The recommended strategic overview of Coles Supermarket must promote new training and career development programmes. In this way, the organisation can deliver outstanding service quality to the target demographics. As the organisation is one of the fastest growing food retail business chains, additional support must be given to the employees so that customers demand can be met in an efficient way. Target Market: The marketing management of Coles Supermarket should introduce new development strategies such as new retails stores, merchandising and product development to access the largest portion of the Australian market. Invariably, selection of new target market and further market penetration can improve the sales and revenue of the organisation (Alon, 2003). Market Positioning: Positioning is another most recommended strategy for Coles Supermarkets business perspective. The positioning strategy must identify the business goals and objectives to develop integrated campaigns and core business messages through marketing. In Appendix 1, the core strategy of positioning has been presented that must include demand generation, events, public relation development, e-marketing, branding and employee and social outreach. Market Opportunities: Marketing opportunity signifies the brand popularity and establishment in a particular market. As one of the fastest retail business, Coles Supermarket must analyse current market as well as marketing opportunities to add new set of buyers to the business. Meanwhile, significant market research will be effective to find out the specific and unique opportunities for Coles Supermarkets business proposition. Marketing Function Products In marketing functions, the retail store business of Coles Supermarket must introduce new product lines so that different brand products can unanimously contributed to the total sales and revenue. For example, significant market research must be done to identify the highest selling groceries and farming products. Through the identification of the most selling products, same types of new products can be manufactured to impress the buyers community. By applying product diversification market strategy, product selling can be increased as the purchasers will find more interest in trying the new products. Meanwhile, such product diversification can be initiated at the new market area so that the sales of similar products cannot decrease. Prices The product pricing is also significant for business growth and maximum selling perspective. In the strategic marketing functions, low pricing and high pricing of products should be promoted to attract the maximum target demographics (Alexis, 2012). Current prices of products should be proactively declared so that low pricing of most selling products can secure maximum revenue for the retail food chain business. On the other hand, by identifying the unique manufacturing and brand products, high rates must be quoted to impress the buyers. Therefore, power bargaining from the suppliers must be effectively managed so that the firm can deliver quality food products to the target audience at the minimum rate promoting competitive edge. Distribution Currently, Coles Supermarket is known for its well organised distribution strategy. It has its stores located in major cities of Australian in the core region that has high density of population. But, the market for the Coles Supermarket has become saturated that intends the company to expand its operations and grow its distribution channels by introducing new stores that will be capable of attracting more customers. Coles can build new stores in the outskirt areas nearby the cities that are less costly and build large supermarkets with different other facilities. It will help the company to grow its market and target new segment of customers. Marcoms The marketing and communication strategy can be developed based on advertising media and significant communication channels. By identifying market research and corporate communication resources, the organisation should implement the best marketing concepts. In Appendix 2, a described process has been shown for further consideration (Alexander and Coles, 2011). In case of popular branding, public relations and digital marketing strategy must be taken into consideration to increase the market size of Coles Supermarkets. For advertising perspective, sales and business guarantee and websites should be promoted to encourage the buyers to visit the stores of Coles Supermarket. Finally, effective marketing agents and executives must be recruited so that innovative marketing concepts can be generated on a regular basis. Sales Force Using sales force is a technique of outsourcing the task of marketing or implementing a different marketing team for operating the marketing activities. In case of Coles Supermarket, it has a separate marketing team that task care of the demands and needs of the customers. Furthermore, the marketing team conducts research and apply changes in the marketing strategy according to the conditional changes in the market situation (Alfredsson, Mnsson and Vikstrm, 2016). The company needs to implement new technologies in developing the efficiency and effectiveness of the sales force. It can outsource the digital marketing activities that can be cost effective and help the company to seek better results. Conclusion The bsuiness report has been successfully described to draw the current business positioning and strategic concepts of Coles Supermarkets Group in Australian retail food chain industry. Coles Supermarket is one of the largest reatil food store chain in the market. As a result, there are some major market competitors and issues attached to the business model of the organisation. By promoting business ethics and corporate social responsibilty, the retail chain business has cretaed its significant market identity. On the other hand, the organisation has efficiently utilsed the available business resources to provide the best products and services to the customers at an affordable prices. The busines environment of the organisation has got some major sides that have to be overcome by the management team of Coles Supermarket. By identifying the vast size of the target market, the organisation has developed wholly owned subsidiary (WOS) to provide the best pricing. Also, the organisational stakeholders have effectively partivipated in busines events and public relation programmes to increase the business reputation. In the meantime, the report has identifed some strategic recommendations suitable for further business development of Coles Supermarkets. Therefore, efficient market positiong must be developed to grow the demand. At the same time, e-markeing is another essential part of the business in the recent time. Hence, online marketing and product selling must be highlighted to reach the maximum number of public. Regarding strategic recommendations, effective distribution channels and marketing communication system have been identified to be follwed in the business enviroment to imcrease the sales and market size. References Alexander, R. and Coles, J. (2011). Standards and Labels for Consumers' Goods.Journal of Marketing, 15(3), p.375. Alexis, M. (2012). Marketing Laws and Marketing Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 26(4), p.67. Alfredsson, E., Mnsson, J. and Vikstrm, P. (2016). Internalising external environmental effects in efficiency analysis.Economic Analysis and Policy, 51, pp.22-31. Alon, I. (2013).Chinese economic transition and international marketing strategy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Baker, M. (2010).The strategic marketing plan audit. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Banham, H. (2010). External Environmental Analysis For Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs).Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 8(10). Batra, R. (2009).Marketing issues in transitional economies. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Blythe, J. (2009).Key concepts in marketing. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Bradley, F. (2011).International marketing strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. Buttle, F. (2006).Relationship marketing. London: Chapman. Cadogan, J. (2009).Marketing strategy. London: SAGE. Castaldo, S., Grosso, M. and Premazzi, K. (2010).Retail and channel marketing. Cohen, D. (2006). Trademark Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 50(1), p.61. Cohen, D. (2011). Trademark Strategy Revisited.Journal of Marketing, 55(3), p.46. Coles Supermarket. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016]. Coles, J. (2008). The Pattern of Retail Food Stores in a Small City.Journal of Marketing, 13(2), p.163. Coles, J. and Erdman, H. (2015). Some Aspects of the Arguments against Grade Labeling.Journal of Marketing, 9(3), p.256. Cullwick, D. (2015). Positioning Demarketing Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 39(2), p.51. Dillon, W., Madden, T. and Firtle, N. 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The Cask of Amontillado ( 1846)page 1 of 2 Essays - Fiction

The Cask of Amontillado" ( 1846)page 1 of 2 "For the love of God, Montresor!" (See Important Quotations Explained) Summary The narrator, Montresor, opens the story by stating that he has been irreparably insulted by his acquaintance, Fortunato, and that he seeks revenge. He wants to exact this revenge, however, in a measured way, without placing himself at risk. He decides to use Fortunato's fondness for wine against him. During the carnival season, Montresor, wearing a mask of black silk, approaches Fortunato. He tells Fortunato that he has acquired something that could pass for Amontillado, a light Spanish sherry. Fortunato (Italian for "fortunate") wears the multicolored costume of the jester, including a cone cap with bells. Montresor tells Fortunato that if he is too busy, he will ask a man named Luchesi to taste it. Fortunato apparently considers Luchesi a competitor and claims that this man could not tell Amontillado from other types of sherry. Fortunato is anxious to taste the wine and to determine for Montresor whether or not it is truly Amontillado. Fortunato insists that they go to Montresor's vaults. Montresor has strategically planned for this meeting by sending his servants away to the carnival. The two men descend into the damp vaults, which are covered with nitre , or saltpeter, a whitish mineral. Apparently aggravated by the nitre , Fortunato begins to cough. The narrator keeps offering to bring Fortunato back home, but Fortunato refuses. Instead, he accepts wine as the antidote to his cough. The men continue to explore the deep vaults, which are full of the dead bodies of the Montresor family. In response to the crypts, Fortunato claims to have forgotten Montresor's family coat of arms and motto. Montresor responds that his family shield portrays "a huge human foot d'or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel." The motto, in Latin, is "nemo me impune lacessit ," that is, "no one attacks me with impunity." Later in their journey, Fortunato makes a hand movement that is a secret sign of the Masons, an exclusive fraternal organization. Montresor does not recognize this hand signal, though he claims that he is a Mason. When Fortunato asks for proof, Montresor shows him his trowel, the implication being that Montresor is an actual stonemason. Fortunato says that he must be jesting, and the two men continue onward. The men walk into a crypt, where human bones decorate three of the four walls. The bones from the fourth wall have been thrown down on the ground. On the exposed wall is a small recess, where Montresor tells Fortunato that the Amontillado is being stored. Fortunato, now heavily intoxicated, goes to the back of the recess. Montresor then suddenly chains the slow-footed Fortunato to a stone. Taunting Fortunato with an offer to leave, Montresor begins to wall up the entrance to this small crypt, thereby trapping Fortunato inside. Fortunato screams confusedly as Montresor builds the first layer of the wall. The alcohol soon wears off and Fortunato moans, terrified and helpless. As the layers continue to rise, though, Fortunato falls silent. Just as Montresor is about to finish, Fortunato laughs as if Montresor is playing a joke on him, but Montresor is not joking. At last, after a final plea, "For the love of God, Montresor!" Fortunato stops answering Montresor, who then twice calls out his enemy's name. After no response, Montresor claims that his heart feels sick because of the dampness of the catacombs. He fits the last stone into place and plasters the wall closed, his actions accompanied only by the jingling of Fortunato's bells. He finally repositions the bones on the fourth wall. For fifty years, he writes, no one has disturbed them. He concludes with a Latin p hrase meaning "May he rest in peace." Analysis The terror of "The Cask of Amontillado," as in many of Poe's tales, resides in the lack of evidence that accompanies Montresor's claims to Fortunato's "thousand injuries" and "insult." The story features revenge and secret murder as a way to avoid using legal channels for retribution. Law is nowhere on Montresor'sor Poe'sradar screen, and the enduring horror of the story is the

Soto Like Mexicans Essay Essays

Soto Like Mexicans Essay Essays Soto Like Mexicans Essay Paper Soto Like Mexicans Essay Paper My grandma gave me bad advice and good advice when I was in my early teens. For the bad advice. she said that I should go a Barber because they made good money and listened to the wireless all twenty-four hours. â€Å"Honey. they don’t work como burros. † she would state every clip I visited her. She made the sound of donkeys hee-hawing. â€Å"Like that. honey! † For the good advice. she said that I should get married a Mexican miss. â€Å"No Okies. hijo†- she would say- â€Å"Look. my boy. He marry one and they fight every twenty-four hours about I don’t cognize what and I don’t cognize what. † For her. everyone who wasn’t Mexican. black. or Asiatic were Okies. The Gallic were Okies. the Italians in suits were Okies. When I asked about Jews. whom I had read about. she asked for a image. I rode place on my bike and returned with a calendar picturing the of import races of the universe. â€Å"Pues si. boy Okies tambien! † she said. nodding her caput. She waved the calendar off and we went to the life room where she lectured me on the virtuousnesss of the Mexican miss: foremost. she could cook and. second. she acted like a adult female. non a adult male. in her husband’s place. She said she would state me about a 3rd when I got a small older. I asked my female parent about it- becoming a Barber and marrying Mexican. She was in the kitchen. Steam curled from a pot of boiling beans. the wireless was on. looking every bit knee bend as a loaf of staff of life. â€Å"Well. if you want to be a barber- they say they make good money. † She slapped a unit of ammunition steak with a knife. her spectacless stealing down with each work stoppage. She stopped and looked up. â€Å"If you find a good Mexican miss. get married her of class. † She returned to slapping the meat and I went to the backyard where my brother and David King were sitting on the lawn experiencing the interior of their cheeks. â€Å"This is what girls feel like. † my brother said. rubbing the interior of his cheek. David put three fingers inside his oral cavity and scratched. I ignored them and climbed the back fencing to see my best friend. Scott. a second-generation Okie. I called him and his female parent pointed to the side of the house where his sleeping room was a little aluminium dawdler. the sort you gawk at when they’re flipped over on the expressway. wheels whirling in the air. I went around to happen Scott pitching quoitss. I picked up a set of rusty 1s and joined him. While we played. we talked about school and friends and record albums. The quoitss scuffed up soil. sometimes pealing the Fe that threw out a meager shadow like a sundial. After three argued-over games. we pulled two oranges each from his tree and started down the back street still speaking school and friends and record albums. We pulled more oranges from the back street and talked about who we would get married. â€Å"No discourtesy. Scott. † I said. with an orange piece in my oral cavity. â€Å"but I would neer get married an Okie. † We walked in measure. about touching. with a sled of shadows dragging behind us. â€Å"No discourtesy. Gary. † Scott said. â€Å"but I would neer get married a Mexican. † I looked at him: a Fang of orange piece showed from his crunching oral cavity. I didn’t think anything of it. He had his miss and I had mine. But our seventh-grade vision was the same: to get married. acquire occupations. purchase autos and possibly a house if we had money left over. 26 The Short Story We talked about our hereafter lives until. to our surprise. we were on the business district promenade. two stat mis from place. We bought a bag of Zea mays everta at Penneys and sat on a bench near the fountain watching Mexican and Okie misss base on balls. â€Å"That one’s mine. † I pointed with my mentum when a miss with superciliums arched into black rainbows ambled by. â€Å"She’s cute. † Scott said about a miss with xanthous hair and a mouthful of gum. We dreamed out loud. our mentums busy indicating out misss. We agreed that we couldn’t wait to go work forces and raise them onto our laps. But the adult female I married was non Mexican but Nipponese. It was a surprise to me. For old ages. I went about wide-eyed in my hunt for the brown miss in a white frock at a dance. I searched the resort area at the baseball diamond. When the misss raced for ground balls. their hair bounced like something that couldn’t be caught. When they sat together in the lunchroom. caputs pressed together. I knew they were speaking about us Mexican cats. I saw them and dreamed them. I threw my face into my pillow. doing up sentences that were good as in the films. But when I was twenty. I fell in love with this other miss who worried my female parent. who had my grandma inquiring one time once more to see the calendar of the Important Races of the World. I told her I had thrown it off old ages before. I took a much-glanced-at snapshot from my billfold. We looked at it together. in silence. Then grandmother reclined in her chair. illume a coffin nail. and said. â€Å"Es reasonably. † She blew and asked with all her concern pushed up to her brow: â€Å"Chinese? † I was in love and there was no looking back. She was the 1. I told my female parent who was slapping beefburger into cakes. â€Å"Well. certain if you want to get married her. ’ she said. But the more I talked. the more concerned she became. Later I began to worry. Be it all a error? â€Å"Marry a Mexican miss. † I heard my female parents say in my head. I heard it at breakfast. I heard it over math jobs. between Western Civilization and cultural geographics. But so one afternoon while I was thumbing place from school. it struck me like a baseball in the dorsum: my female parent wanted me to get married person of my ain societal class- a hapless miss. I considered my bride-to-be. Carolyn. and she didn’t expression hapless. though I knew she came from a household of farm workers and pull-yourself-upby-your-bootstraps ranchers. I asked my brother. who was get marrieding Mexican hapless that autumn. if I should get married a hapless miss. He screamed â€Å"Yeah† above his awful guitar playing in his sleeping room. I considered my sister who had married Mexican. Cousins were dating Mexican. Uncles were remarrying hapless adult females. I asked Scott. who was still my best friend. and he said. â€Å"She’s excessively good for you. so you better non. † I worried about it until Carolyn took me place to run into her parents. We drove in her Plymouth until the houses gave manner to farms and spreads and eventually her house 50 pess from the main road. When we pulled into the thrust. I panicked and begged Carolyn to do a U-turn and travel back so we could speak about it over a sodium carbonate. She pinched my cheek. naming me a â€Å"silly male child. † I felt better. though. when I got out of the auto and saw the house: the chipped pigment. a chapped window. boards for a walk to the back door. There were corroding autos near the barn. A tractor with a cyberspace of spiderwebs under a mulberry. A field. A bale of biting wire like children’s scrabbling tilting against an empty poulet henhouse. Carolyn took my manus and pulled me to my future mother-in-law. who was coming out to recognize us. We had tiffin: sandwiches. murphy french friess. and iced tea. Carolyn and her female parent talked largely about neighbours and the fold at the JapaneseThe Short Story 27 Methodist Church in West Fresno. Her male parent. who was in khaki work apparels. excused himself with a moving ridge that was about a salutation and went outside. I heard a truck start. a Canis familiaris bark. and so the truck rattle off. Carolyn’s female parent offered another sandwich. but I declined with a shingle of my caput and a smiling. I looked around when I could. when I was non stating over and over that I was a college pupil. suggesting that I could take attention of her girl. I shifted my chair. I saw newspapers piled in corners. dust-covered cereal boxes and acetum bottles in corners. The wallpaper was bubbled from rain that had come in from a bad roof. Dust. Dust ballad on lamp sunglassess and window Sillss. These people are merely like Mexicans. I thought. Poor people. Carolyn’s female parent asked me through Carolyn if I would wish a sushi. A home base of black and white things were held in forepart of me. I took one. wide-eyed. and turned it over like a foreign coin. I was seize with teething into one when I saw a kitty crawl up the window screen over the sink. I chewed and the kitty opened its oral cavity of panic as she crawled higher. desiring in to paw the leftovers from our home bases. I looked at Carolyn who said that the cat was merely demoing off. I looked up in clip to see it fall. It crawled up. so fell once more. We talked for an hr and had apple pie and java. easy. Finally. we got up with Carolyn taking my manus. Slightly abashed. I tried to draw off but her clasp held me. I let her hold her manner as she led me down the hallway with her female parent right behind me. When I opened the door. I was startled by a kitten clinging to the screen door. its oral cavity shouting â€Å"cat nutrient. Canis familiaris biscuits. sushi†¦ . † I opened the door and the kitty. still keeping on. whined in the linguistic communication of hungry animate beings. When I got into Carolyn’s auto. I looked back: the cat was still cleaving. I asked Carolyn if it were perchance hungry. but she said the cat was being silly. She started the auto. waved to her female parent. and bounced us over the rain-pocked thrust. chucking my thigh for being her lover babe. Carolyn waved once more. I looked back. wave. so goggling at a window screen. where there were now three kitties clawing and shouting to acquire in. Like Mexicans. I thought. I remembered the Molinas and how the cats clung to their screen- cats they shot down with squirt guns. On the main road. I felt happy. pleased by it all. I patted Carolyn’s thigh. Her people were similar Mexicans. merely different.

Art 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art 2 - Essay Example Bill Violoa’s â€Å"The Greeting† was an attempt to put Pontormo’s â€Å"The Visitation† on video. In order to bring a picture to life through video, Violoa’s scene begins with two women that after a few minutes are interrupted by a third. In Violoa’s work, the first woman is middle-aged, the other younger, while the third woman is a friend of the older woman. The third woman embraces the woman she knows, leaving out the other woman. However, after a moment of awkwardness, the three make small talk. All of this is an inference, since there is no sound at all. Everything on the video had to be interpretive through gestures and expressions. Like with â€Å"The Visitation†, â€Å"The Greeting† can be interpreted as friends visiting. The painting and video only have more meaning, if the viewer is familiar with the Biblical story of Mary and Elizabeth. Both Pontormo and Violoa use their imaginations to portray this event. Violoa used Pontormo’s idea to begin with, but then the video becomes his own. Still art has limitations that the medium of video does not have. Violoa could use more gestures and expressions to depict his thoughts, whereas Pontormo only had the medium of oil and a still depictation. Both Pontormo and Violoa’s art are unique and individual, while of the same subject. Urban infrastructure must be sustainable. Architecture must make urban infrastructures sustainable, whether New York City, Austin, or Tokyo. Every urban infrastructure must have architects build public transports (buses, subways, roads, tracks), efficient buildings (green buildings, energy efficient), low impact development to protect water resources, parks, energy demanded managements. Urban infrastructure can destroy natural resources needed to live, like trees, water, and wildlife. Pollution can be a problem. Good architecture can cut these problems down to manageable levels. Architects build more than

Management International and Comparative HRM Essay

Management International and Comparative HRM - Essay Example Globalization widens the gap between rich and poor. The implications of globalization are required to be incorporated by the governments in its policies and the companies are required to cope with it in order to survive in the industry. The public in many countries become anxious as it may affect the culture and values negatively or it may displace jobs. There are both losers and gainers in the process of globalization. There is a fear regarding globalization that it may widen the gulf between have and have not’s, strong and weak, traditional and modern (Poole, 1999, p.75). In one side, it enrich the people or countries to take the advantage or lead the process while on the other side, it will leave behind many others who will be worse or marginalized. The cultural and economic globalization is growing through many countries. The persistence of poverty, growing inequities among and within countries and the link between phenomenon’s is very strong. The external envir onment has been more significant in influencing the level of available resources and the way they are used. The thesis of strong globalization argues that the growing pervasiveness of multinational enterprises is creating a borderless world where the economic and political interventions undertaken by nation states are becoming increasingly meaningless (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique, 2012, pp.56-57). In other words, the public policies implemented by national legislatures for regulating the activities of multinational companies are increasingly becoming ineffective. Globalization need not necessarily be bad. But it can have more negative effects on the countries that are not prepared to adapt globalization. There has been a return to... This paper stresses that the success of international human resource management in future depends on the ability of companies in developing the executives of international human resource with a broad global perspective having a global mindset, strong strategic and technical business skills and international experience. The function of international human resource management is faced with many challenges in the hyper-competitive and chaotic global market place of today. The multinational enterprises are required to confront with these issues now and in future. The vocational training is not offered there in companies and there exist few relations of union. The market is mainly based on competition. Germany has a typical structure of governance which is based on the insider forms like bank loans. There, the relations of employee are assumed for longer term and in the training process of companies, vocational training is normally offered. The market is based mainly on collaborative netw orks. The trade unions commonly exist in industry. This report makes a conclusion that the international human resource departments are required to provide and develop the support services at international level. The continuing globalization or internationalization of human resource management parallels the continuing globalization or internationalization of business. The firms are required to make its development and increase the professionalization of international human resource management to be called global human resource management.

Family Owned Real Estate Properties in London Dissertation

Family Owned Real Estate Properties in London - Dissertation Example This particular paper focused on family owned real estate businesses that are located within the City of London. Among the most prominent real estate companies that are family owned, include the Grosvenor Estate, the Cadogan Estate, the Howard de Walden Estate, and the Portman Estate. According to Darlow (2013), these companies have a big shareholding in the London property market mostly because their founders acquired land in the earlier centuries when land the price of land was low (Darlow, 2013). These families have held the ownership of the parcels of land till the present times when the lands are being developed to property and real estate (Wheaton & Torto, 1990). However, it is important to note that besides these prominent families, there are other small family owned real estate companies that also own a small number of real estate within the London. Whilst focusing on family owned real estate companies in London, the research study focused on the aspect of management in these companies and in particular how the collaborations of property agents work with these family owned businesses. A property agent or a real estate agent is described as an individual that has been approved and issued with a license that enables him to represent either a landowner or a land buyer in a real estate transaction. Such an individual earns a brokerage commission out of such a deal (Mccrea, 2005). Besides the brokerage services, property agents also act as agents for the owners of residential and commercial properties.

Models of Policy Making

Models of Policy Making I think the whether policy process is incremental or non-incremental depends on different situation. (I think the reality is much more complicated than any theory, in order to reduce the complexity of this question we can use different theory models.) Before we discuss whether the nature of the policy process is incremental or non-incremental, we should first think what is an incremental model of policy and what is a non-incremental model of policy process, and we should also think about both the advantages and disadvantages of these models. There are three different models here: the rationality (bounded rationality) model, the incrementalism model and the garbage can model. Bounded Rationality Model In Simons bounded rationality model, the rationality is conditioned. The actual process of social activities is affected by intuition, experience, accuracy of information and value judgments. Pure objective and rational decision-making model is only a hypothesis model, it doesnt exist in reality. In the bounded rationality model, the decision maker should distinguish fact from value and preferences; and he shouldnt replace the value with the fact; also, the decision maker should distinguish method from goal In fact, the government has only limited policy options and decision-maker can only do limited cost-benefit analysis. The information, material resources, political support and time of the policy are all limited; therefore, the policy choice has been limited. According to this situation, the assessment criteria of the policy are not whether this policy is optimal or not, the criteria of the policy are whether it is satisfying and second best or not. Simons theory doesnt say that t he decision makers cant make any non-incremental progress, however it tells us that the decision making process are limited by information and power. If the policy maker can have enough material support, political support, information and enough time then they can make some non-incremental process; if all these factors are very limited then it is highly unlikely for them to make a very no-incremental policy process. Incrementalism model Lindbloms incrementalism model emphasizes that the policy process is an ongoing process. Decision-making process is largely based on decision-makers past experience with some slight modifications of existing policy. This is an incremental process, and the changes within this process seemed to be slow, but the small changes may lead into some great changes, the actual speed of changing is often greater than we thought. However, a drastic policy change from policy A to the next policy A1 is not only unfeasible but also undesirable; a drastic change may threat social stability and will cause policy disruptions. In his view, the decision-making and policy-making process are bounded to political factor, technical factor, and they are also constrained by existing policies. And all these constrain have determined that the decision-making process is incremental. Garbage can model Garbage can model is carried out by Marche and Olsen. They believe there is inherently irrational factor within in the decision-making process, and sometime there is limited rationality in the incremental process. They argue that policymakers policy targets and solutions are often not very clear. In the policy process, the policy making organizations are facing lots of potential policy solutions, policy programs, policy participants and policy opportunities. And these factors were thrown into a policy garbage can and they are mixed together. The policy is what the policy maker finally picks out from the can. The garbage can model tried to expand organizational decision theory into the then uncharted field of organizational anarchy which is characterized by problematic preferences, unclear technology and fluid participation. There are four of those streams were identified in the model: Problem (requires attention), Solutions (has it own life.), Opportunities, Participants (not stable). They are independent of each other and there is no causal link. The theoretical breakthrough of the garbage can model is that it disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from each other, unlike traditional decision theory. Some opportunities may cycle and some may never return. When o pportunities arise, problems, solutions and participants will across and the four streams may converge. If problems and solutions are matched during this period then the problem is resolved. If they dont match, then they will wait for another decision-making opportunity. Specific decisions do not follow an orderly process from problem to solution, but are outcomes of several relatively independent streams of events within the organization. Under normal circumstances, policy makers are using his default preference with his to discovered the right questions. Garbage can model has some advantages: on the one hand, it can explain why the bureaucracy is often inefficient. Using this model, we can understand that bureaucrats often lack the incentive to push reform; therefore, public policy process tends to change slowly. On the other hand this model shows that opportunities, human creativity and choice still have some space in policy process and some dramatic change can happened through a non-incremental random way. Kingdon creates the multiple stream models from the garbage can model to explain why there are major shifts in the agenda, and why these changes could be non- incremental change to existing policy. Kingdons model identifies three streams in the system: problems, policies, and politics. Each stream is flowing during the policy process. And each is stream is independent from others, and each stream has its own dynamics and rules. However, in a critical time point all these streams will merge into one single package. Usually, a focusing issue will bring this critical time point, also the change of political structure will also bring the critical time point to the policy entrepreneurs. And the policy entrepreneur will use this package to promote their policy solution. If the solution of the issue has been received by the policy makers, then there will be even a dramatic change within the policy process. As I discussed above, Lindbloms incrementalism model can work goo in a stable situation. However, it has some limitations and inadequacies. Firstly, it is a conservative approach; it is generally suitable for relatively stable environment. In order to make the policy process work well, the former policy should be good. However, once the social conditions and the environment changed dramatically, the incremental decision-making model may not work well. History has shown that certain moment in social development requires substantial policy adjustments, and sometimes it is even necessary for the policy makers to abandon former policy. In these situations, the incremental method could be useless or even has some negative effects. In these cases, I think the bounded rationality policy model can work better. Because in this model, policy maker can make new policy by using limited information through careful calculations. Although in the bounded rationality model, the first trial of new pol icy is not perfect, but it can provide a useful base for further improvement for next incremental process or at least it can provide a potential policy alternative for the garbage can. At some degree, I think the incrementalism approach and the garbage can approach are method directed which means these two policy process dont require a certain policy goal; while the bounded rationality approach is goal directed which means there is a certain goal. In conclusion, I think whether policy process is incremental or non-incremental should depend on different situations. Also, in order to discuss whether a policy process is incremental or non-incremental we should limit the time span of the policy process. The incremental process works better in a stable environment and it does not require a clear policy goal; if the policy process is theoretically limited within a short policy period, then there will be no major changes. The non-incremental process may work better in a rapid changing situation. The bounded rationality model shows that the policy makers could make useful policy with limited information and resources. 5) Some criticize policy theories for being better at explaining policy stability than policy change. Evaluate this claim with respect to some leading thinkers from our course. No, I think there are some theories can explain policy change as well as policy stability. Here are some theories which can be used to explain policy changes: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Policy Change Punctuated Equilibrium Theory attempts to describe the progressive policy changes and significant change. When the policy issues are addressed by the political sub-system, we usually can observe the existence of incremental changes; conversely, when dealing with policy issues to be raised to the macro political system, there may be a significant policy change, and we often observe a major policy change (True, Jones, and Baumgartner, 1999:102). In the process of policy change, the policy entrepreneur is trying to change recognized/accepted ideas of the public (Baumgartner and Jones, 1993:42). Although the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory has pointed out when the image of the existing policy is challenged the opportunities will be created, but the theory hasnt tell why policies will be challenged. We can observe a policy change when there are new way of policy thinking, a mobilization of new policy supporters and a institutional change within the policy structure. Whether these factors appear together or they appear alone will make policy maker change their former incremental and stable policy process at different degrees. These factors will punctuate the equilibrium of policy stable developing process; and these factors will bring turbulent and unstable policy process. The definitions of policy issue, the boundary of policy problem, the agenda setting of policy are the key factors in policy process. Different interpretation of policy issue will also reinforce policy supports or bring doubts to existing policy. The model emphasizes policy change is punctuated equilibrium, the change is motivated by a complex combination of internal and external factors. Advocacy Coalition Framework and Policy Change Advocacy Coalition Framework was first proposed by Sabatier (1988). Sabatier suggests that we should focus on the interaction of the policy advocacy. Sabatier suggests that within the coalition those members share the mutual belief in a set of policy beliefs. Based on this hypothesis, policy change can be understood as a function of the relationship between the competing advocacy coalition and outside factors (Sabatier, 1999:9; Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1993:5). The policy change is a result of advocacy coalitions competition, interaction of beliefs and outside factors. Advocacy Coalition Framework shows that belief system can be divided into three levels, deep core, policy core beliefs and secondary aspects. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999:147) pointed out that major changes in a policy actually is a change of core beliefs, while a smaller change of policy reflects changes in the policy beliefs or the secondary beliefs . Basically, deep core values are fixed, and it is more like an exogenous variables; policy core beliefs are formed and it serve as advocacys adhesives, it often take a decade or more time to change, and it can be considered as part of the endogenous variable. Substantial policy change is the result of the changes in policy beliefs. And the changes in secondary level will lead to small, incremental policy change (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1999: 131). Also policy Change is divided into two types: incremental policy changes and significant policy changes. Incremental change can be the result of policy learning. Because the goal of policy learning is not to shake the foundation of core beliefs, therefore there will not be major policy changes (Sabatier, 1988:149; Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1999:123). And the leaning process is often used to reinforce and support the policy belief and core belief. Another way to think of the learning process Subject of Learning Object of Learning Consequence Governmental Govt Officials Intelligent policy process Institutional Change Experimental Policy Network Methodology New Policy Solution Societal Policy Community Idea and Concept Shifting Paradigm However, if the core belief is shaken, then the advocacy coalition may collapse. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999:147-49) pointed out that the cause for major policy changes include: changes in socio-economic conditions, changes in governance system, etc Multiple Streams Model and Policy Change Multiple Streams Model is developed based on the garbage can mode (Cohen, March and Olsen (1972). Multiple Streams Model is proposed in 1984 by Kingdon. According to this model, when policy maker are facing uncertainty and time pressure, the most concerned issue for them is the time point rather than rational or optimal output. From this perspective, the key point for policy change is the right time point. If policy maker can grasp the key time point, then he can make some policy changes. Multiple Streams Model indicates that the policy process consists three processes/streams; and these processes are made by different actors: the first problem streams includes different information and solutions proposed by their supporters; the second policy streams includes government officials concern of policy alternatives and policy formation; the third politics stream includes political consideration by the elected officials and elected representatives (Sabatier, 1999:9). These three processes flow inside and outside the federal government, and each is an individual process operation for most of the time, they are unrelated to each other (Kingdon, 1994:216). In a crucial time point, policy entrepreneur will combine the various processes (coupling into a single package, and it will greatly enhance a policy issue attention and even create a policy opportunity) (Zahariadis, 1999:73). And in this critical point, policy window will be opened. Kingdon (1994:216) has described, when the policy window open, a policy issue will come out. Some policy solutions which can be used to address the policy issues have already existed, and the time for this policy is correct. Policy window is an opportunity to promote a particular policy program, they will appear by themselves, but it is a very short time for people to notice and use this opportunity (Kingdon, 2003:166). Kingdon (2003:168) further pointed out that under the Multiple Streams Model, policy window may flow from the political stream or problems stream. If the policy window is opened for political reasons, it is because of president changed, there are changes of the administrating party, there is change in congress, etc If the policy window is opened from the policy stream, it is mostly because some issues have caught the attention of government officials. Whether policy makers are seeking solutions to promote existing policies or seeking alternatives to replace existing policies, the policy maker will always provide some opportunities for policy advocators to sell their policies. This means that as long as those policy advocators can make policy makers believe that their program is a feasible option to address policy issues or their solutions can help to accumulate political prestige and resources of the new policies; sooner or later, their policy proposals will have the chance to enter the policy agenda. It is possible for these proposals to be legitimized and carried out as the governments policy (Kingdon, 2003:172). Zahariadis (1999:82) argues that, if the policy window is opened in the political stream, then the combination of the various processes are more likely to be doctrinal. It is an existing policy to help find solutions to solve policy issues. If the policy window is opened in the problem stream, then the combination of th e various processes are more likely to be consequential, that is a process for finding a viable solution. Kingdon (2003:94-95) also pointed out that the policy problems may not seem obvious to every person. Sometimes a problem is noticed because there is a focusing event which has provided it with a policy window. Kingdon (2003:97) the focus of the event will be made as symbol in political world; and a symbol will draw attention and strengthen the role for certain issues. In conclusion, I think from a philosophic aspect the theories of policy stability and theories of policy changes are the two sides of the same coin. Also, I think the relationship between different theories is not only completive but sometime different theories are complementary to each others. I think the problem for some policy scholars is that they often focused on one theory instead of looking for different explanations from different theories 4) Deborah Stone calls the struggle over ideas the essence of policy making. Discuss this claim with respect to leading theories of the policy process. I name my answer to question as Idea and Deborah Stone, I want go through her book and explain why ideas are so important. According to Deborah Stone, idea will help people to define alliance, strategic considerations also idea will help people to get the legitimacy and draw policy boundaries. (Deborah, P 34). According to Deborah Stone, idea will decide who will be affected, how will they be affected and will they be affected legitimately (Deborah, P.34). In the first Chapter, Stone starts her analysis at the city-state (the Greek term polis) level. The public policy is considered as an attempt to achieve a certain community goals (Deborah, P 21). However, due to the fact that everyone has his own understanding of ideas, therefore the political community has become a place for internal debates over who will be affected, how will they be affected and will they be affected legitimately(Deborah, P 34) . The policy-making process has thus become a continuous interaction between the conflict and cooperation. In Stones model, individuals may pursue their goals through collective action. The motivation is not only based on self-interests but also based on public concerns. This is because the public interest is be related to the goal of survival (Deborah, P 33). However, when there is a contradiction between self-interest and public interest, the policy process will be more complicated (Deborah, P 33). When the group is motivated under common ideas, the group will get more strength, and there will be a balance between private interests and public interests in the conflict. Stone directly uses the idea as the core concept of this book. In her construction of polis community vs market individual(Deborah P 33) model, ideas have become the focus. Stone tries to use struggle of idea to explain all stages of policy-making process. Policy-making is followed by a continuous constantly struggle to fight for the classification of standards, types of boundaries, and guide people to conduct the ideal typical definition. The struggle of idea can be seen in several policy levels. According to Stones theory, idea defines what people want from the policy; it is the foundation for people to cognize and understands what the policy is. Idea provides a relationship between advocators and advocacy coalitions; Idea provides causal relationship for these people and groups, and ideas will be reflected to their policy objectives through their actions of obtaining support. And these people with the shared idea will persuade decision-makers to meet their preferences. As mentioned above, Stone sees idea as a constantly changing dynamic and resources of construction. And by given different interpretations of ideas, the concept of the ideas will also change. She points out that the politics of policy is to choose the interpretation (Deborah P 75). Stone argues that the authority to interpret idea is the key factor in the policy-making process. Only legitimated idea can be transformed into policy. And using the legiti macy, peoples knowledge or behavior can be changed. And policy change can also be made through this interaction of ideas. Ideas affects how people cognized politics, and the change of politics will also feedback on ideas. To Stone, idea is not static; idea is an ongoing of constructing and reconstructing process of concepts. Now I will try to exam whether Deborah Stones idea theory can fits with other policy process theory. In the punctuated equilibrium theory, Baumgartner and Jones also argue that idea is a potential power in the policy making process. According to their book Agendas and Instability in American Politics, a powerful supporting idea is associated with the institution (Baumgartner and Jones, P 7); In page 16, they also writethe tight connection between institution and idea provides powerful support for prevailing distribution of political advantage. These statements mean that idea will help people understand what is at stake and how will they be affected (Stone, 2002), policy advocators will use institution arrangement to make their idea be legitimate. Also, in order to gain more power those policy actors will manipulate images and ideas. To Baumgartner and Jones, ideas are important because they provide some potential undergirding institutional arrangements; and the struggle of idea is the struggle over legitimate institution arrangements. In the book Agendas, alternatives and public policies, Kingdon also discusses the importance. In order to make useful policy suggestions, participants in the policy process are competing to develop new ideas; and they are trying to provide their ideas in the form of potential solutions to policy makers. According to Kingdon, policy entrepreneurs lie in wait in and around government with their solutions [already] in hand, waiting for problems to float by to which they can attach their solutions, waiting for a development in the political stream they can use to their advantage (Kingdon, P 165). Shared ideas make policy entrepreneurs into alliance; and these alliances are trying to make their ideas become legitimate. Kingdons primal policy soup (Kingdon, P 139-143) model provides us a picture of how decision makers accept idea through coherent narrative process (ideas are flowing in the streams just as molecules flowing in the soup). According to Kingdon, a policy community creates a sh ort list of ideas. If the ideas can go through the selecting process, softening up process and if they can pass the exam by specialists and policy makers, they may finally become policies. The whole process can be viewed as a continuing struggle of ideas. In this case, ideas are not only competing with other ideas, they are also struggling to survive in this primal soup. I also think Kingdons policy window model is another improvement to Deborah Stones arguments. People are now struggling to make their idea in front of the policy window at the correct time. This model discovers that the during the policy process, critical time is also important for ideas struggling. However, I think there are also some theories which do not fully support Deborah Stones argument. In the garbage can model, because the nature of unclear, policy is not necessarily to be the consequence of the ideas struggling. In Kingdons Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, he describes that as garbage can into which various kinds of problems and solutions are dumped by participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ removed from the scene (Kingdon, P 85). In some sense, Deborah Stones Struggling of ideas assumption is more based on a goal-oriented policy making process, in order to make it work, there should be a clear policy goal from all participants; while the classical garbage can model is more like a method-oriented policy making process, it doesnt require a clear goal or solution at the beginning. In the garbage can model, people are not fighting with each other over ideas in the final solution selecting stage, however it is still correct to say that each solution in the garbage can is a result of deliberative idea thinking. I think there is a slight difference between Deborah Stones theory and the garbage can model. Another policy theory which doesnt fully consistent with Deborah Stones theory is the incrementalism theory. According to Lindblom, the incremental policy process is more relied on former existing policies. According to this model, the policy environment generally remains stable. Because the incremental nature of the policy, the new policy will inherent the policy environment from previous policy, if the former policy has resolved the struggling of idea, then there will be less struggling of ideas in the new policies. Since the policy environment is stable, it will be unlikely for us to speculate a violently struggle over ideas. The last policy process theory I want discuss in the context of struggling over idea is the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) theory. The central idea of this theory is that people or groups with the same beliefs (core/policy/secondary) will form a coalition. I think Sabatiers concept of belief is similar to Deborah Stones concept of idea. Especially, I think the concept of policy belief is playing the role of idea in the policy process. I think his core belief is rooted even deeper than idea. The core belief will sometimes become unnoticeable. And using the ACF model, we can find out that the policy process is a competition among different policy beliefs, and I think this observation is close to Deborahs struggle over ideas the essence of policy making.'. But it does not mean that the change in the secondary belief level is also a result of struggling, according to Sabatiers theory, such change is more like the result of an incremental learning process. In conclusion, I think Deborah Stones argument is useful for us to understand some policy process. However, by using different theories we should also notice whether policy processes are struggle over ideas should be analyzed in situations. The Punctuated-Equilibrium model, ACF model and Multiple Stream model indicate that Deborahs argument is valid. In the P-E model, the change of existing idea or appearance of new idea will bring turbulence to the policy process; in the ACF model, the learning process can change beliefs at different level, and these changes will bring feedbacks to the policy process; in the M-S model, policy entrepreneurs will using the opportunity to propose their ideas, and when critical time is come, the coupled stream will become policy. Incremental Model suggests that policy process is not necessarily linked to struggling when the time span of the policy is very short. There could be no struggle when the whole policy process is already fixed. However, I think the origin/first policy in the incremental model is a result of idea struggling. The Garbage Can model suggests that the choosing process within the policy process may appear as a random process, it is not necessarily to be the consequence of the idea struggling. Reference: Sabatier, Paul A. 1988. An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein, Policy Sciences, 21:129-168. Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.) 1999. Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Sabatier, Paul A. and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Sabatier, Paul A. and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith. 1999. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed., New York: HarperCollins. Zahariadis, Nikolaos. 1999. Ambiguity, Time, and Multiple Streams, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. True, James L., Bryan D.Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner. 1999. Punctuated- Equilibrium Theory: Explaining Stability and Change in American Policymaking, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Jones, Bryan D., Frank R. Baumgartner, and James L. True 1998. Policy Punctuations: U.S. Budget Authority, 1947-1995, The Journal of Politics, 60(1):1-33. Baumgartner, Frank R. and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Reference: Kingdon, J. W. (1984) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies . U. S. A.: Harper Collins. Lindblom, C. E. (1959) The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 14, pp. 79-88. Cohen, M., March, J., Olson, J. (1972) A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, pp. 1-25. March, James and Olsen. (1984) The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factor in Political Life. American Political Science Review 78. 734-749